A lung transplant is the "last resort" treatment for lung failure. The new lung or lungs are donated by someone who has been declared brain-dead, but remains on life-support. The donor tissue must be matched as closely as possible to that of the recipient to reduce the odds that the transplanted tissue will be rejected.

While the recipient is unconscious and pain-free (general anesthesia), an incision is made in the chest. Tubes are used to re-route blood to a heart-lung bypass machine to provide oxygen and circulation during the surgery.

One or both of the patient's lungs are removed, and the donor lung or lungs are stitched (sutured) into place. Chest tubes are inserted to drain air, fluid, and blood out of the chest for several days to allow the lungs to fully re-expand.

Sometimes heart and lung transplantation are performed at the same time (heart-lung transplant), if the patient's heart is also diseased.

Getting a New Lung: Facts about Lung Transplants PDF format  

More lung transplant resources at NIH (National Institutes of Health)